Human resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Human resources - Essay Example It is important to understand that the employees are the party that is most affected by a performance management system. Their salaries and promotions are decided through the performance management system. And also their benefits are cuts through the same system. This is why for implementing any successful performance management system it is essential to take all employees on board. Without the greater support of employee no performance management system can work successfully in any firm. It is as important to listen to the employees as it is to talk to the employees. Human resource has to be carefully nurtured and therefore it is essential to pay heed to their opinions and reservation. Many companies never listen to their employees and therefore are not able to successfully benefit from performance management process. The case illustrates that through listening to employees and taking into account their reservation greater support for performance management system can be developed. Focus groups, discussions, and interviews of employees and managers can help create greater support for a performance management system. When designing a performance management plan it is important to customize it according to the needs and opinions of employees and this can only be done when feedback is taken from employees and they are given a chance to raise their reservations. When employee feedback is taken and performance management system is designed according to the feedback, employees feel empowered. They feel that they have themselves made the system and it was not forced upon them. This is how support for performance management system can be garnered through employee participation. Letting the employees decide as to how they want to be evaluated is a very good way to generate support for performance management system. It is always good to have an outside consultant in order to shape a

The history of art Essay Example for Free

The history of art Essay The history of art is closely related with the common history. With this statement I’d like to highlight the close connection between â€Å"culture wars† and the history of civil rights, especially in the USA. After the struggle for equal treatment for people of any gender or race it was time to start struggle for equal treatment for people of different sexuality. The issue of norm and perversion in the human sexuality is always under debate in the society. Jonathan Katz made some researches of the social aspect of homosexuality, in particular he observed the relationship between the art and â€Å"culture wars†, but I’d like to point out his other observation. In his article â€Å"The Invention of Heterosexuality† Katz tells that the very term â€Å"heterosexuality† has the medical origin, and it gained the meaning of social norm only after the World War II. The term â€Å"heterosexuality† as the sexual norm has, according to Katz, social not biological nature. Thus, the taboo on open homosexuality had not natural but social origin and thus it could be lifted. In 1980s the struggle against the taboo on open homosexuality reflected in the different forms of postmodernism art. Thus, Robert Mapplethorpe created a series of black-and white photography with the homosexual thematic. He proclaimed the aesthetics of naked male bodies including genitals and the homosexual erotic. His works as well the works of other artist, who proclaimed homosexuality, had a wide social resonance. Some influential Senators started the campaign against the homosexuality, contrasting it with Christian moral and family values and linking homosexuality with the AIDS epidemic. The role of art in the â€Å"culture wars† was to convince the society to change the attitude to homosexuals. For now it is possible to say that the attitude really changed to more tolerant. The art proclaiming homosexuality undoubtedly was one of the influential factors in changing the situation. References Jonathan Ned Katz. The Invention of Heterosexuality. 1995. Retrieved July 11 2010 from http://kasamaproject. org/2008/06/27/katz-the-invention-of-heterosexuality/ Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation website. Retrieved July 11 2010 from http://www. mapplethorpe. org/foundation. html Robert Summers, Art History Visual Culture. http://ospace. otis. edu/robtsum/Contemporary_Video_and_Body_Art_Practices, accessed 09 July 2010

Power to the People-Growth in consumer complaint channels in Ghana :: essays research papers

"POWER TO THE PEOPLE" Let me begin with a confession. I almost dropped this title for a less "controversial" one. I use the word "controversial" because as a citizen of a country(i.e. Ghana) where almost everything (including football) is politicised, I was aware (and concerned) of the possibility of this piece, being subjected to the same "political scrutiny". In the end I chose to keep it, simply because I couldn't find an alternative that captured the soul of this piece quite like "Power to the people". The concept, 'Power to the people" was made popular by ex-President J.J Rawlings in the early 80"s when the then PNDC Govt came into power. The idea behind "Power to the people" was to develop and implement a decentralisation programme, designed to mobilise citizens to actively participate in the decision-making process. Some 20 years on, a rapidly growing phenomenon across our airwaves can best be described as a contemporary expression of this 'Power to the people' concept! Over the last couple of months, I have observed -across various media channels-that there appears to be a growing number of complaints/concerns being levelled at consumer-marketing companies on a number of issues, (â€Å"bad adverts", product/service quality, etc) on a regular basis; and I have subsequently noticed that a few days or weeks after these complaints are aired, most of the affected companies take action. It is this growing phenomenon-when consumers speak out on issues, and companies respond promptly-sometimes at a huge cost (millions of cedis) to these companies, which I refer to as "Power to the people". There are several "complaint channels" open to the consumer today; you can "pick your choice", as they say. For example, there are radio phone-in programmes like "Ka na wu" on Radio Gold and "Feedback" on Joy FM. And if you prefer to channel your views via TV, Consumer Watch (which has been off for a while now) on TV3 serves as a potent vehicle. On the other hand, if you are one of the estimated 500,000 internet users-who have access through shared Internet connections- homes, offices, through friends and cyber cafes you can log onto Ghana Consumer Complaints website to "download" your comments. And as I was researching on this subject, I came across yet another "complaint channel" in the form of the Ghana Consumer Watchdog Organisation. The objective of the group, according to their advert is "to protect, advice and secure the interest of the Ghanaian consumer.

Cultural Conflict Essay

Culture is a lot more than what language a person is speaking how they are dressing and what kind of food they are eating. Cultural groups share nationality, race and similar ethnicity. However, culture could also include religion, sexual orientation, gender and even generation. Although culture is not visible, it plays a major role in how we handle conflict. It is often the starting place of our thinking and our behaviors. Cultures are sort of implanted in every conflict because conflicts arise in every human relationship. When it comes to handling conflict, we tend to handle it by using lifelong messages that we have received due to our culture. Cultural messages are unique in different cultures. The message one culture sends could be perceived and interpreted to totally something else by a different culture receiver. Living in a world with so many different cultures, we almost have to be cultural fluent. Cultural fluency means being familiar with different cultures, how they work and how they intertwine with our relationships when it comes to conflict. One of the major dimensions of cultural fluency is communication, which refers to different starting points about how to relate to and with different culture groups. Two of the different variations of communication are high and low context. Besides being used in individual communication, high and low context is also used to understand different cultural groups. In high context communication, large part of the message conveyed lies in the physical context, including tone of voice, facial expression, and gestures. In low context communication, the spoken word carries most of the meaning, whatever is trying to be conveyed is simply said directly. Coming from a big Armenian family, culture and conflict are very high context between me and the rest of my family members. Every little tone of voice, facial expression, and gesture has a major meaning behind it, to decode the true meaning you would have to be part of the family. Growing up, my parents were not strict at all with me and my brother. However, we knew how to decode them without them even saying anything. If I brought a new friend to my house, just by the way my mother would look at me I would know that this person is not coming to my house anymore. Even in conversations, a two word response from my parents meant a lot. Going to a restaurant owned by another Armenian person with Armenian employees is also involved in high context communication. You simply know how to act, what to do, what to say and what not to say. When it comes to conflict, I have friends of different nationalities. Being in an argument with one of my fellow Armenian friends is way different than being in an argument with a friend that was born and raised here in The United States with parents that were born and raised here also. A few words back and forth with my Armenian friend would simply end the argument with both of us understanding who was right and who was wrong. However, when involved in an argument with one of my friends who comes from a low context background, I almost have to argue with him in a low context matter by explaining every little detail. A few different gestures and facial expressions do not mean anything to him and it does get frustrating at times. A person’s cultural background affects communication in a major way when a high and low context communication is involved. How things are perceived and interpreted depend on the person’s cultural background. In low context cultures individuals rely more in spoken words. In high context cultures there are more contexts involved, like tone of voice, facial expression, and gestures. Growing up in a high context family and having different perception of things embedded in me, I have learned how to deal with conflict in a high context matter. Also, having friends who come from a low context culture, I have dealt with communicating differently and also have experienced situations differently than them. In order to better communicate with the people involved in your life you have to understand how they perceive and interpret what you are communicating with them.

Zoe Sharp Tell Me

Zoe Sharp – Tell me (Part A) It is obvious that Grace has many years experience, and knows what she is doing. Grace is trying to find out what has happened to the girl, by interviewing her about the accident, and her life. She digs in to her past by, talking to her even though she’s dead, and reading her hands. Beside that she is using the experience that her job, as a crime investigator has given her. She read the girl very good.It is probably because Grace had a childhood similar to the victim, without a present father figure, who cared about her life and well-being. She find many important clues, In addition, she is patient and is good to ask relevant questions and seems to be stubborn and not give up she will have solved the case. (Part B) Grace is like other detectives, for example Sherlock Holmes and inspector Barnaby. Very quiet and peaceful in their investigation, they don’t stress around, but takes things end as they are, and investigating them.However i f you look at Sherlock Holmes and Barnaby, they have a little more clues to help them. Grace’s investigation is more like, She is living more into the girl's part to find out what happened, so she doesn’t know for sure, what actually happened, because the girl she talks to actually is dead (Part c) I think some women stay with their violent husband, because they may be afraid to say or go against their husband, and then end up getting even more beatings, maybe therefore stay woman with their husband.Otherwise I think it could be because the woman doesn’t have anywhere else to go, or might not have enough money to provide for them, because it is their husband who provides them, maybe he has a good job and earn many moneys, and have a high status, moreover the woman would not lose or miss the social pride. They will of course lose the social status they have, when they are not together, so I short it maybe could be the reason why women continue stay with their vio lent husband.

The Group of Seven essays

The Group of Seven essays The group of seven achieved international acclaim, won their fight against the Canadian Academy, and found their way into the hearts of Canadians. The group of seven became ever more aware of the role they played towards art in Canada. They were like missionaries trying to convince the Canadian public of the need for national art. The group of seven fought hard to create a Canadian art tradition and established an environment of tolerance to new ideas. The group of seven, by popularizing the concept of an art founded on the Canadian landscape, gave Canadians a sense of national identity, and allowed Canadians to discover the beauty of their own country. For this particular reason the members of the Group (of Seven) became the only important Canadian artists... Skilled in the Impressionistic practices of painting outdoors directly from the natural world, the members of the Group of Seven set out from the disciplined, gentle landscapes of Impressionism to capture the glory and diversity of Canada. They wanted to establish an art that celebrated the land and defined a national character. The Group of Seven succeeded by focusing on the Canadian wilderness as symbolic of a New World wholesomeness and unlimited potential. Even Canadians sometimes find it hard to understand the geographic scope of their country. Second in size only to Russia, Canada covers 9,976,140 square kilometres. From east to west it stretches 3,426 miles, crossing one-quarter of the worlds time zones. Yet it is sparsely populated, with eighty percent of Canadians living within 160 miles of the southern border of the United States. Although the Canadian Pacific Railway had laid tracks across the country in the 1880s, at the turn of the century much of Canada remained untamed landscape. The Group of Seven explored and documented the wilds in a way that made the unpopulated landscape a part of every Canadians heritag ...

Paradise or War essays

Paradise or War essays Paradise or War: The Impossibility of Harmonic Separatism In the search for paradise, many strive to find this idealistic place never knowing what they are looking for. Often, people envision paradise to be a sort of imaginary utopia, with no cares or worries. In reality, though, paradise cannot be a mythical and unreachable place, but somewhere on Earth that lives and breathes perfect harmony. Toni Morrisons first novel since her Nobel Prize entitled Paradise attempts to examine the possibility of Heaven on Earth. Toni Morrison weaves her latest novel on the loom of a single question: Why do we base our conception of paradise on separation and exclusion? (Shockley 718). In the work, she also addresses the ever-present issue of separatism between the black and white people in Mississippi and Louisiana, compelling the blacks to establish Ruby, an all black community, can end in a violent attempt to preserve precious heritage. The themes of separation and division are apparent throughout the novel, not only between black and white, b ut young and old, male and female, and even amongst blacks themselves. Morrison uses these two themes to demonstrate that the elders dream of an all black paradise is merely a regression into the world they are so eagerly trying to escape. Toni Morrison originally began writing her novel under the presumption of titling it War, which gives a strong indication into the character of the Ruby community. Ironically, both the titles War and Paradise are clearly referring to the town that she has created. By this total change in title, the part that inevitably sets the mood of this novel, Morrison immediately demonstrates her attempt to create a community walking a tightrope between war and paradise. In essence, Morrison implies that both titles represent Ruby; paradise for those so eager to remove prejudice, but war for those too ignorant to preserve it. I...

Major Accomplishments of Cartimandua, Brigantine Queen

Major Accomplishments of Cartimandua, Brigantine Queen In the mid-first century, the Romans were in the process of conquering Britain. In the north, extending into what is now Scotland, the Romans faced the Brigantes. Tacitus wrote of a queen leading one of the tribes within the larger group of tribes called the Brigantes. He described her as flourishing in all the splendor of wealth and power.  This was Cartimandua (about 47–69 CE), whose name includes the word for pony or small horse. In the face of the Roman conquests progress, Cartimandua decided to make peace with the Romans instead of confronting them.  She was thus allowed to continue to rule, now as a client-queen.   Some in a neighboring tribe within Cartimanduas territory in 48 C.E. attacked the Roman armies as they moved forward to conquer what is now Wales.  The Romans successfully resisted the attack, and the rebels, headed by Caractacus, asked for aid from Cartimandua.  Instead, she turned Caractacus over to the Romans. Caractactus was taken to Rome where Claudius spared his life. Cartimandua was married to Venutius but wielded power as a leader in her own right. A struggle for power among the Brigantes and even between Cartimandua and her husband broke out. Cartimandua asked for help from the Romans in regaining peace, and with the Roman legion behind her, she and her husband made peace. The Brigantes did not join the rebellion of  Boudicca  in 61 C.E., probably because of Cartimanduas leadership in maintaining good relations with the Romans. In 69 C.E., Cartimandua divorced her husband Venutius and married his charioteer or arms bearer.  The new husband then would have become king. But Venutius raised support and attacked, and, even with Roman assistance, Cartimandua couldnt put down the revolt. Venutius became king of the Brigantes and ruled it briefly as an independent kingdom. The Romans took Cartimandua and her new husband under their protection and removed them from her old kingdom.  Queen Cartimandua disappears from history. Soon the Romans moved in, defeated Venutius, and ruled the Brigantes directly. Importance of Cartimandua The importance of Cartimanduas story as part of Roman Britains history is that her position makes clear that in Celtic culture at the time, women were at least occasionally accepted as leaders and rulers. The story is also important as a contrast to Boudiccas.  In Cartimanduas case, she was able to negotiate a peace with the Romans and stay in power.  Boudicca failed  to continue her rule  and was defeated in battle because she rebelled and refused to submit to Roman authority. Archaeology In 1951–1952, Sir Mortimer Wheeler headed an excavation at Stanwick, North Yorks, in northern England.  The earthwork complex there has been studied again and dated to the late Iron Age in Britain, and new excavations and research were carried out 1981–2009, as reported by Colin Haselgrove for the Council of British Archaeology in 2015. Analysis continues and may reshape the understanding of the period.  Originally, Wheeler believed that the complex was the site of Venutius and that Cartimanduas center was to the south.  Today, more are concluding the site is that of Cartimanduas rule. Recommended Resource Nicki Howarth Pollard.  Cartimandua: Queen of the Brigantes. 2008.

MW Petroleum Corporation (A) finance case Study

MW Petroleum Corporation (A) finance - Case Study Example Apache on the other hand is seeking to grow. This is a good opportunity for the company to do so. This transaction would be beneficial to Apache the portion of MW Petroleum that Apache is considering is located in the same general area where the company currently operates and so consolidation will further reduce costs. This should allow for increased economies of scale in the form of reduced direct operating costs and even more so overhead costs for Apache. It is cheaper for Apache to buy an existing business as it has been doing rather than carry out exploratory drilling. This acquisition will also allow the company to diversify geographically its portfolio of assets which is important when the riskiness of the operations is considered. This diversification will somewhat help to stabilize Apache’s earnings even though both gas and oil prices are highly volatile. The acquisition of Amoco will also enhance Apache’s standing among US independents and lead to even further acquisition opportunities. The company is considering further growth opportunities in the future and this represents a stepping stone that will allow Apache some amount of bargaining power and would therefore put the company in a better position to compete with other companies. It is reasonable to expect that the MV properties are more valuable to Apache than to Amoco because Apache will benefit from synergies and rationalization of expenses. Table 2 below shows the present value of the aggregate overheads that Apache could reduce substantially if the acquisition takes place. Amoco would be better off if it had cash in hand which the company could invest in more profitable ventures. Currently, the properties are not contributing substantially if any at all to the company’s overheads. Part 1 (b) The sources of value that most plausibly account for the difference between buyer and seller are: The exclusion of fields in Michigan and the Gulf of Mexico; Expected synergies; Other opportunities mentioned; and The beta value that was used. Exclusion of Fields in Michigan and the Gulf of Mexico Apache was only interested in fields containing approximately 78% of MW’s proved developed reserves and 75% of the Proved undeveloped reserves. These account f or approximately $120 million of the difference. No details were given of the percentage of the probable and possible reserves that would be included in the fields in Michigan and the Gulf of Mexico. However, these could be substantial. Assuming that these fields are in the same proportion as the proved undeveloped reserves then the total value would be approximately $906 million. This is 294 million less then the $1.2 billion that Amoco indicated that the properties were worth. See APV Calculations in the Appendix. Table 1 Reserves Total (MMBOE) Proportion included in Purchase Value included in APV Total Value Proved Developed Reserves 155.2 78.22% 121.4 247,750,571.44 316,728,901.87                   Proved Undeveloped Reserves 25.6 75% 19.2 151,257,604.86 201,676,806.48 Sub Total          399,008,176.30 518,405,708.35                   Probable Reserves    75%    145,575,867.21 194,101,156.28                   Possible Reserves    7 5%    145,125,191.13 193,500,254.84                   Total          689,709,234.64 906,007,119.47 Synergies The synergies can be quantified as some overheads would be much reduced as well as some direct operating costs. The table below shows the present value of the projected aggregate overhead expenses. Apache is expected to save a substantial portion of this approximately $201 million. Table 2 Year Aggregate Overheads PV Factor (13%) PV Cash Flow 1 36.6 0.885 32.39 2 38.7

Law of Contract (case study) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law of Contract ( ) - Case Study Example ess was examined in the Heron II. This casenote explains the judgments in the Heron II, paying particular attention to the division of opinion among the Law Lords in relations to the degree of probability required in the test of remoteness. The second limb of Hadley requires the court to consider the degree of probability necessary to attract liability. Indeed, the degree of probability was considered in the Heron II and it was on this point (i.e., the degree of likelihood of an event which had to be contemplated by the parties at the time of contract) that the Law Lords' opinion differ.8 Lord Reid argued that although the shipowner was not aware that the charterer wanted to sell the sugar promptly on arrival, he knew that there was a sugar market at Basrah. Thus, if he had thought about the matter, he must have realised that it was not unlikely that the charterer wanted to sell the sugar. ... He must have also known that in an ordinary market the price of sugar fluctuates daily, meaning that if the cargo arrived late, it would affect the price which the charterer could obtain for his goods. Therefore, the question for decision was whether a plaintiff could obtain damages for loss of a kind, which the defendant ought to have known was not unlikely to result from a breach of contract.9 To answer this question, Lord Reid went through the reasoning of Alderson B's in Hadley. He interpreted Alderson B's judgment to draw a distinction between results of a breach which were likely because they would happen in the great majority of cases, and results which were unlikely because they would only happen in a small minority of cases. A defendant would be liable in the former case since the result should reasonably be regarded as having been in the contemplation of the parties.10 Applying Alderson B's distinction, he decided that a party in breach was liable for any loss arising from a result which was contemplated as "not unlikely".11 Applying the first limb of Hadley, Lord Morris considered if the loss suffered by the charterers could reasonably be said to arise naturally from the appellant's breach. He found that although the appellant did not know of the charterers' precise plan, the appellant had instruction "to proceed at all convenient speed to its destination".12 Hence, at the very least, the appellant should have contemplated that if the vessel was late, the charterers might suffer some financial loss.13 In other words, the appellant need not know that a loss to the charterers was certain or inevitable to be liable. He need only know of a possibility of loss.14 Lord Hodson also probed into the meaning of

The role of the court Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

The role of the court - Essay Example This is clear from Article 22/1 of this law, where it states that "the competent court may, upon the request of either party, order provisional or precautionary measures prior to commencing arbitration proceedings, or upon request by the arbitration tribunal during arbitration proceedings". In this article, rights are limited to the Arbitral Tribunal during the arbitral process without mentioning the rights of the two parties at this stage. This is confirmed by the division between these cases with the preposition "or", which in this context conveys the meaning of differentiating between the two matters. 1.1.2 Gathering Evidences Article 22/3 of the SAL 2012 states the right of the Arbitral Tribunal to request interference of the competent court or any competent agency in order to assist the tribunal during the arbitration procedure. Summoning a witness or rendering documents are examples of this in effect.1 This is also contrary to the former law, which did not contain any similar provisions. Among its provisions, the SAL 2012 does not include granting either party the right of such a request from the competent court. ... Based on the SAL 2012, it is admissible whenever arbitration is commercial for two reasons. First, the provision of Article 2 of this law states the applicability of the provisions of this law to each event of arbitration carried out in the Kingdom and international commercial arbitration held abroad. The second reason is that Article 22, which contains the stipulation of gathering evidence and issuance of Interim Measures, includes general provisions as it does not differentiate between domestic and international arbitration. This is in contrast to the Model Law, by which the Saudi legislature is inspired, states that requesting the assistance of the competent court occurs in place of arbitration.2 This confirms that the Saudi legislature intends to allow the request of this intervention if the location of arbitration is only in the Kingdom. Otherwise, it would have been mentioned as an essential point in the Model Law. Confirmation of such an assumption, and also the Saudi legislat ure intends to in respect to gathering evidence, is based on the rules of Sharia, which form a large part of the constitution of the Kingdom and should not be violated by any law.3 For any Muslim requested to testify and render a document that helps to clarify the truth, he must do so under this law.4 Otherwise, he would be condemned.5 In general, Sharia does not discriminate between the seat of arbitration and the nationality of the beneficiary.6 1.1.3 Extending The Duration of Arbitration Contrary to the former law, and even the Model Law, the SAL 2012 grants either party the right to request to extend the duration of arbitration after the expiration of the period stated in the arbitration agreement, or that which is stipulated by the law when

Book review of Hiroshima by Ronald Takaki Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Book review of Hiroshima by Ronald Takaki - Essay Example He seeks to prove that the American desire to end the war was just one of the many factors that lead to the final decision to drop the bomb. The story around Takakis argument is the little known reasoning behind the decision to drop the atomic bomb. Instead of simply focusing on the most accepted reason, to end the war, he explores other factors other than the obvious. His study of Harry Trumans letters to his wife, sister, mother, and his secret Potsdam Diary to open a "way to a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of the reasons for the atomic attack" (Takaki 5). By analyzing the feelings of the President he succeeds in bringing together the many factors that led to the end decision. He proves to the reader the overwhelming postwar concern that Truman and other leaders felt and their urgency to exert their world power and dominance towards Stalin and Soviet expansion. As Robert Griffith reveals in his article for The American Historical Review Dwight D Eisenhower was aware of these postwar concerns writing, â€Å"Eisenhower struggled to strike a balance among the competing claims of the services and his lette rs are filled with angry denunciations of military self interest† (Griffith 96). Takaki reveals that in the beginning the atomic bomb was intended to target Germany, not Japan and that it was later determined that Germany did not have any atomic capabilities therefore diminishing the threat. Takaki then questions why the bomb was then dropped on Japan, a country we also knew did not have any atomic capabilities. He says, "The reason for this acceleration was not the possibility of Japanese atomic threat. Japan lacked the resources and technical knowledge to become a nuclear power" (Takaki 20). As Andrew Rotter confirms in his book review for the Journal of American History, â€Å"Japans nascent bomb project was

Global Business Prespective Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Business Prespective - Coursework Example Companies that follow the international strategy tend to sell locally produced goods and services in foreign market while making certain amendments to their offerings in compliance with foreign market needs. 2. Product shaping is one of the diversification strategies that can be implemented by an organization through strategic management. Organizations that adopt this strategy tend to indulge in the development of a new product for a market that already exists (Hitt, 2009). For example: In India there was a strong existing market for carbonated drinks that was being served by Pepsi Corporation. Later Coca-Cola Company even started offering carbonated drinks in India. This strategy may not always be successful because the current market may already be loyal to another organization that is satisfying their needs and may be reluctant in changing from the already present provider. 3. The term franchising is used to refer to the license that one company operating in a particular nation offers to another company an individual which allows them to operate a similar company in their local regions with the same name (Hitt, 2009). Franchisors can earn revenue from franchisees by obtaining fee revenue which is an upfront payment that a franchisee pays to the franchisor for opening up a franchise with the same name. Franchisors even earn through royalties which is a certain percentage of the total revenue that has been earned by the franchisee. 4. Micro loan is a term used to refer to the money that is lent by a financial institution or the government in order to decrease poverty in their nation (Hitt, 2009). The purpose of microloan is to provide money to the poor and needy people who cannot obtain loans from commercial banks as commercial banks charge higher interests and have a very stringent repayment solution. Micro loans

Value Chain on Black Berry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Value Chain on Black Berry - Essay Example The researcher has chosen BlackBerry Smartphone as the product for the study, and the discussion is on a particular phone model that is BlackBerry bold. Bold is a variety product of BlackBerry, which is leading in the technology. It is faster performing, with a very long lasting battery back up, and ofcourse it is a 3G phone as well. It has BlackBerry messenger also. BlackBerry Bold is in many ranges, there are around four different blackberry bold models, such as â€Å"Bold 9780, 9700, 9650, and 9000†. The main feature of this phone model is that, it gives more focus to the professional choice, as it is mentioned earlier Blackberry phones are well known for business uses as it includes many business features and applications that are really helpful for businessmen. Another main feature of this phone is that it is helpful in multitasking; customers can use additional features at same time, with no hang ups for the phone. Social networking is very easy and elabaorated in this p hone, there are many options in social networking sites. Web experience is faster and it would be a new experience for the customers. Both Wi-fi and 3G connnectivities are available in this phone; 3G creates a fantastic experience for the customers who use it. It has a powerful connectivity option, wi-fi connectivity helps to shop online, browse, open mails etc very fastly. GPS feature is also an important factor that creates unique value to the product. Camera and video recording has fine quality and the phone provides a 5 mega pixel camera. Media player also is of superior quality. 2.3 Value of the Product/Service to the Customer: â€Å"The value of a product reflects the owner(s)'/buyer(s)' desire to retain or obtain a product. The individual's level of desire to retain or obtain a product depends on how much the product details and/or its performance agree with the value system of the individual. To an individual, therefore, value of a product includes cost and a subjective par t associated with cost† (Neap & Celik n.d.). Blackberry started of mainly as a business phone but it is trying to influence a larger audience by adding new features and simpler user-interfaces. BlackBerry Smartphone be able to work with BlackBerry Enterprise Server software, this facility allows a businessman to exchange data and

Global Business Prespective Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Business Prespective - Coursework Example Companies that follow the international strategy tend to sell locally produced goods and services in foreign market while making certain amendments to their offerings in compliance with foreign market needs. 2. Product shaping is one of the diversification strategies that can be implemented by an organization through strategic management. Organizations that adopt this strategy tend to indulge in the development of a new product for a market that already exists (Hitt, 2009). For example: In India there was a strong existing market for carbonated drinks that was being served by Pepsi Corporation. Later Coca-Cola Company even started offering carbonated drinks in India. This strategy may not always be successful because the current market may already be loyal to another organization that is satisfying their needs and may be reluctant in changing from the already present provider. 3. The term franchising is used to refer to the license that one company operating in a particular nation offers to another company an individual which allows them to operate a similar company in their local regions with the same name (Hitt, 2009). Franchisors can earn revenue from franchisees by obtaining fee revenue which is an upfront payment that a franchisee pays to the franchisor for opening up a franchise with the same name. Franchisors even earn through royalties which is a certain percentage of the total revenue that has been earned by the franchisee. 4. Micro loan is a term used to refer to the money that is lent by a financial institution or the government in order to decrease poverty in their nation (Hitt, 2009). The purpose of microloan is to provide money to the poor and needy people who cannot obtain loans from commercial banks as commercial banks charge higher interests and have a very stringent repayment solution. Micro loans

Apple I-tunes Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Apple I-tunes - Case Study Example Surveys have proven that over the years the demand for digital music has increased by manifolds. Apple iTunes' market entry strategy into the UK is more likely to succeed if carried out with much more concentration on customer satisfaction and value creation fronts while at the same time focusing on a market penetration pricing strategy coupled with incremental growth strategies in niche market centric operations (www.apple/tunes.com). Apple i-tunes digital music company is in an oligopoly market with limited number of competitors including Sony, Warner, BMG and so on. Oligopoly is a market form where there are a few number of suppliers with similar identical products. Thus the digital music industry is evolving very fast. There is always the threat of a new company introducing something totally new to the market such as wireless technology that could replace the need for a physical music player. It's of paramount importance for Apple iTunes to invest a lot in research, and development and marketing in order to keep up with other companies that could introduce newer products to the market. Apple iTunes could improve the quality of their products. Then due to the greater quality of their music files, manufacturers of MP3, 4, 5 players would be compelled to manufacture their products to make them compatible with these files, because customers would be lured to buy Apple iTunes as they are of superior quality. The po pularity of iPod and Apple Mac are subject to demand. If economies are negatively affected the demand for these products would fall. However customer's interests change often. There is a possibility that a new company might come up with a totally new innovation and thus the demand for Apple iTunes may drop. In fact Apple i-tunes Company as in the oligopoly market requires strategic thinking unlike other market forms in the market such as perfect competition, monopoly and monopolistic competition. In fact oligopolistic competition can provide different range of outcomes. In some cases firm may employ trade practices that are restrictive. In other situations, competition between sellers in an oligopoly market can be relatively low prices and high production. There is always a threat to Apple iTunes from other manufactures who manufacture inferior quality music files at low cost and also the creation of pirated digital music (Presswire, 2007). Customers might be lured to buy these products as they cost less. Other substitutes such as Satellite radio for music, Entertainment media, media and music alternative sources for videos (cable, broadcast) and alternative means to acquire music (Music CDs, DVDs) are potential threats. Thus this could lead to an efficient outcome approaching perfect competition. However the competition in an oligopoly industry can be higher when there are more firms in an industry if, for instance, the firms were only regionally based and did not compete directly with each other.According to the behavior of the oligopolistic market, firm has to face a kinked demand curve at the existing market price for its widgets (products). In this scenario suppliers do not have the tendency to increase the price, because other competitors in the industry would not follow

Oedipal Complex in the Tragedy of Hamlet Essay Example for Free

Oedipal Complex in the Tragedy of Hamlet Essay How might the Oedipal complex factor into the tragedy of Hamlet? Oedipal complex Freud’s theory of stages of development for boys To describe a boy’s feelings of desire for his mother and jealously and anger towards his father Also thought boys felt they were in a completion with their father for possession of his mother His father is looked at as a rival They boy is observing his father in hopes of being like him or even better Those that carry on these feelings into adulthood are considered to have an Oedipus Complex During the Gibson movie Hamlet hates his uncle/step father; Claudius which Freud says is alright. Claudius is now the new king of Denmark We guess Hamlet would have taken the throne eventually if Queen Gertrude had not remarried. It seems like Claudius and Hamlet have built a rivalry and are in a competition for Gertrude. Because Hamlet feels like Claudius has taken his place next to Gertrude. One of the most controversial scenes in the Gibson movie is when Hamlet goes into Gertrude’s bedroom and confronts her about Claudius. He tells her not to have sex with Claudius (jealousy) He’s obsessed with the thought of his mother in bed During this confrontation there is a lot of sexual tension between the two The movie shows them passionately kissing What other comparisons can we draw between Hamlet and Oedipus? Similarities Differences Oedipus earned the trust of his people Oedipus acts on his actions How could one make the argument that the mother figure is the root of all problems in the play? What is the role of King Hamlet’s ghost in the play? How do you know that it is not a figment of Hamlet’s imagination? Why can’t Gertrude see it? Does Hamlet love Ophelia? How does one obtain power in Hamlet? Explain the importance or lack of importance of thinking and action. How do the Id, Ego, and Superego emerge in the play? At what point in the movie do you believe Hamlet crossed â€Å"a line of madness†? Does he come back? When? How is Hamlet being portrayed in the Gibson movie, the other movie, and the play? What other dramatic differences can you identity among the play’s text, the Gibson version, and the third version that you viewed? The biggest difference between the play and the Gibson version is that Fortinbus isn’t mentioned.

Inter-professional Working and the Needs of the Patients

Inter-professional Working and the Needs of the Patients QUESTION I Not sharing information is detrimental to inter-professional working Indeed, the needs of patients are best met by the inter-professional team, the evidence indicates that collaboration can promote coordination, cooperation between carers and significantly improve patient outcome and resource management (DoH, 2000, 2001a, 2001b). ‘Inter-professional’ working has thus become popular following pivotal policies drafted to structurally re-shape the National Health System (NHS) and influence how professional groups work together (DoH 2000, 1998, 1997). The literature has thus seen an upsurge in studies investigating patient oriented inter-professional collaborations with evidence for the positive impact of good, innovative inter-professional practice (Freeman et al, 2000), some of which have been seen in the areas of acquisition of clinical skills via inter-professional approach (Freeth, 2001, Freeth and Nicol 1998), management of acutely ill patients (Smith et al, 2002), palliative care (Vickridge, 1998) and in the sphere of care of older peo ple (Tierney and Vallis, 1999). Collaboration between professionals and their teams, mutual respect, the sharing of knowledge, skills, decisions and the recognition of the contribution of participating professional/teams highlight the integrated nature of inter-professional work (Molyneux 2001; Ovretveit (1997). Nevertheless, several factor militates against inter-professional working; these include information unshared, poor communications skills/methods and language differences (Caldwell and Atwal 2003; Pietroni, 1992; DOH, 1991), role overlap and confusion (Caldwell and Atwal 2003), conflicting and unequal power relationships (Caldwell and Atwal 2003; Blane,1991), different ideologies (Caldwell and Atwal 2003), differing perception of patients needs and treatment goals (Stevenson 1985) role confusion (Opuko, 1992) and a persisting tendency to promote professionalism in work settings. Areskog (1988) and Carpenter (1995) suggested that if collaboration ideologies is included in the qualification programmes of professionals and exemplified at that early stage, it will lead to better inter-professional working as issues of differing perceptions of treatment goals and patients’ needs will be tackled along with professional ‘stereotype’ that become impediments of meaningful inter-professional work. In view of this, the work of Freeth and Nicol (1998, attached) is an important study that sheds light on the barrier, opportunities, benefits and perhaps the way forward for inter-professional education and practice. The study was described as innovative programme of shared learning in acute care, involving final year medical students and newly qualified staff nurses and was developed in response to the indistinct professional role of junior doctors and the expanded roles of nurses. The programme utilized patient scenario which was pertinent to the partic ipants area of practice for the training purpose. The authors defined inter-professional education as â€Å"learning with and from each other† and reports from a supportive climate, the description and analysis of an inter-professional clinical skill course for newly registered nurses and senior medical students. While the benefits of inter-professional working was a strong motivation for the training/study, the authors deemed inter-professional learning as difficult and fraught with practical problems; the non-resolution of which may lend further support to critics of the initiative. The Clinical Skills Initiative was a collaborative venture between a School of Nursing Midwifery and a Medical School (Studdy et al 1994). The importance of information sharing was underscored by the fact that the entire programme had communication skills taught, and role played using realistic patient scenarios. This was thought to have made for a balanced diet of clinical and communication skills that is vital for high quality patient care. A background to this was the development of the Inter-professional Skills Centre that ensured that the channels of communication between the two Schools were strengthened and inter-professional relationships was well established. This in the opinion of the authors provided the inter-professional initiatives with an infrastructure, and a supportive climate underpinned by common understandings, thus, enhancing the chances of success (Freeth and Nicol 1998). The course provided an inter-professional arrangement that allowed for an inter-change of information thus enabling members of the nursing and medical professions to learn from each other. Such sharing of information was shown from the analysis of field notes, interviews, flip chart and questionnaires to have promoted mutual appreciation of expertise and the roles of both profession in contributing to overall patient care. In a case scenario where the participants were told that conservative management of a patient’s leg ulcer has failed and surgery was needed, it was interesting to note that both professionals, in small inter-professional groups, explored issues surrounding informed consent, focusing on the information needed to make an informed decision and the way in which this should be communicated to patients and relatives (Freeth and Nicol 1998). Undoubtedly the sharing of information here improved the outcome of the deliberation. The result suggests that the study was a positive experience for the participants; they were able to contribute something to the overall patient problem solving, drawing upon each other’s practical experience, and specialized knowledge. They shared information even during social interactions, as much of any waiting time was employed to enquire about each others ward-based experiences (Freeth and Nicol 1998). The registered nurses saw the inter-professional training as a great chance to learn new clinical skills and commented that the education made obvious what should have been done in their past experiences. Additionally, some participants from the medical profession had technical questions relating to ward procedures and their rationale. These were addressed to the staff nurses and information exchange was again beneficial to both team members, thus confirming the authors’ assumption that nurses ward experience is an asset for inter-professional training. A member of the medical team considered the inter-professional education to have ‘un-smudged’ some of the boundaries in roles and highlighted the need to work together and communicate. Overall, this article is relevant to the understanding of the vital ingredients needed for an inter-professional education that will promote current health policies and maximize patients’ benefits. The article indicates the im portance of ‘information sharing amongst professionals’ for the success of inter-professional collaborations. Caldwell and Atwal (2003) highlighted a number of problems of hospital inter-professional practice, a significant number of which can be attributed to ‘not sharing information’. A case involving a staff nurse, a consultant, an occupational therapist, social services, the patient and a hoist was described. The staff nurse considered the hoist as important for the authorised discharge of the patient and was concerned that one has not been issued; this was expressed at a multidisciplinary team meeting. However, underlying the ill-feelings of the professionals is the fact that information about varying perception of what should be the optimum care strategy for the patient has not been shared or negotiated. According to Caldwell and Atwal (2003), uknown to the occupational therapist the staff nurse had received pressure from the consultant to discharge this patient, and unknown to the staff nurse the occupational therapist is contending with social services who are suggesting that this patient could benefit from further rehabilitation and therefore should not be issued a hoist. It is thus reasonable to suppose at this point that team members’ innate un-willingness or the inability to share information or communicate is detrimental to inter-professional working. Professionals in such teams or settings should necessarily share information to promote an understanding of each others role and care plan thus fostering the approach of a team working toward optimum patient oriented goals in a well orchestrated manner (Cooper et al, 2001). The issue of role boundaries was also highlighted in the Freeth and Nicol (1998) study; sometimes however, it is a case of role overlap and confusion amongst professionals, for example, nurses and junior doctors. This has become apparent especially since Government policies now favour expansion of nurses’ role and reduction in the hours worked by junior doctors (DoH (1994). Clarity of these professional functions is important for practitioners in the ever changing inter-professional interface (Taylor 1996). It may be argued for instance, that why should a physiotherapist wait to have a wheelchair prescribed only after patient assessment by an occupational therapist when the former also have the requisite assessment skills. Clear definition of roles and optimum utilisation of professional resource capacities will make for an enhanced inter-professional practice and patients benefit. Other issues of importance to inter-professional working identified in the article included stereotypes, inter-professional barriers, and a tendency for some professionals to minimize the importance or value of the work of other professionals owing probably to excessive emphasis on professionalism during training. These issues are constraints to effective patient care and need be properly addressed for the optimum functioning of an inter-professional initiative. While works, such as those of Freeth and Nicol (1998) clearly demonstrate the benefits of inter-professional education, background schooling for the majority of professionals still take place in mono-disciplinary settings that fosters professionalism and stereotyped image/ expectations of other professionals (Leiba 1996). This trend cannot achieve the policy aims of effective collaborative working (DoH, 2000; 2001a; 2001b; 1998; 1997). A key solution will be the provision of support for inter-profession education/training as exemplified by Freeth and Nicol (1998); it is an integrated approach with potential for preparing professionals to encourage inter-professional practice. QUESTION II Part A: Points learnt include: The benefits of inter-profession working A positive outlook on multi-disciplinary teams that inter-relate for better patient outcome The need for interest in other professions and an understanding of their roles. The importance of ‘sharing information’ effectively with other healthcare professionals, patients and relatives while maintaining patient’s autonomy and confidentiality Professional need for effective communicate skills The need to be involved in therapeutic decision making and care plan formulation that earns patients’ concordance. An important practical message in the considering of inter-professional education/work is the need for attitudinal changes; the immediate effect of which in clinical practice, includes the readiness to share relevant information with clinicians to promote effective delivery of care, the perception of other professional as equally making valuable indispensable contributions to patient care as well as a positive outlook on inter-professional working. These attitudinal changes are necessary for the efficient local practice of inter-professional working. McGrath (1991) showed that the benefits of inter-professional working includes but is not limited to (1) efficiency in human resource allocation and the optimum utilization of capacity within the team, i.e. specialist staff focus on specialist skills/cases (2) efficient delivery of health care with improved patient outcome and (3) increase in job satisfaction for members of the inter-professional team arising from the support of willing team members and an enabling work environment. Inter-professional working could thus have improved the clinical outcomes in a number of the hospital cases that in my experience has led to grave loss or patient suffering. The recent experience was in the care of hospital in-patients with a clinical diagnosis of osteoporosis without any history of fracture and on a frailer group of patients with advance bone changes usually having sustained fracture/s (CSP 2002) and for which NICE (2005) has provided a guideline for the secondary prevention of fragility fractures. The patients were managed at any of the 11 wards representing medicine, surgery, orthopaedic and elderly care wards of a tertiary care facility in London during an 8-week placement period. Gross observation revealed treatment gaps in meeting guideline recommendations for the management of these patients in the areas of risk of fall assessment and referral to multi-factorial fall risk assessment and intervention clinic. There did not seem to be a unified format or standard for the assessment of fall risk within the 11 wards and risk of fall was not assessed in more than 50% of the cases in which this was a guideline requirement, perhaps, due to confusion in role identity and the location of this responsibility amongst the professional concerned. The clinical records of these patients showed that both nurses and physiotherapist assessed fall risk criteria and reported this in different formats. Proper integration of the services and communications between these professionals as prescribed within the frame work of inter-professional working will avoid needless duplication of effort, the waste of resources and clinicians time. Saved time could then be expended by either of the professionals in improving quality of care and quality time spent with patient; this is in addition to improved consistency in patients’ records and the ease of continued care should there be a need for patients to moved between wards of the unit. Part B: While Government policy has reflected a cultural shift by way of imposition of radical changes to the way in which health services are organized and delivered, there are distressing problems that make inter-professional working an arduous task. The issue of power and its distribution within the health institution is here of prime importance. There exist unequal power distributions between health care professionals, often leading to organizational and working structures that are impediments to inter-professional working. (Carrier and Kendall, 1995; Kgppeli’ 1995; Blane, 1991). Power is often in the domain of the older, more established medical profession; and there has been a pattern of domination over other professionalized disciplines, such as nursing, social work and other allied health professions (Kgppeli’ 1995; Hugman, 1991). The study of Manias and Street (2001) revealed that nurses faced many difficulties that practically precluded them from participating in therapeutic decision making for patients to whom they maintain permanent physical, emotional and sensitory closeness (Kgppeli’ 1995). Manias and Street (2001) found that nurses on medical ward rounds answered ‘doctors’ questions only, were not encouraged to give unsolicited information about the patient and hence found it very difficult to present relevant patient issues during a medical ward round. An enormous amount of literature has been written on the nurse-doctor relation; a significant portion of these appear to imply that the powers and influences of medical profession are hindrances to development of nursing. From a historical standpoint, it is logical to think of health professions as complementary to each other, however, the fact that they are organised ‘around’ a patient, that they ought to cooperate for his benefit seems secondary if not trivial (Kgppeli’ 1995). There is a lingering tendency to maintain professionalism and to expect ‘predetermined behavior’ of other health care professionals. The domination of one professional over the others within a health team is a major factor that can strengthen the boundaries between the professional groups engaged in inter-professional working and constrain effective teamwork (Beattie, 1995). Power in-balance within the inter-professional team will also encourage the making of many ‘rules’ and regulations that are capable of controlling major aspects of professional practice (Kgppeli’ 1995), thus making un-necessary any substantial discussion intended to individualise care and improve clinical and social patient outcome. The care and management of a hospitalised patient cannot be achieved by one person, neither is one professional group capable of the task. It is always a complex multidisciplinary phenomenon (Kgppeli’ 1995) in which the integrated knowledge and skill of people with different professional backgrounds makes for better clinical and social patient outcome. Hence, leadership within inter-professional team should not be ‘zoned’ to one profession as such will be detrimental to the optimal functioning of the initiative. The leadership need be more inspirational and stimulating, enabling other team members to respond positively to opportunities presented by developing improved knowledge and skills in managing professional practice and inter-professional relationships. According to Colyer (1999), non medical professional members of the team who are willing to assume the demanding responsibilities of full membership of the inter-professional teams should also be made to feel a sense of belonging and responsibility to the integrated patient oriented goal of the team. References: Areskog N-H (1988) The need for multiprofessional health education in undergraduate studies. Medical Education 22:251-252 Beattie A (1995) War and peace among the health tribes. In: Soothill K, Mackay L, Webb C, eds. Interprofessional Relations in Health Care. Edward Arnold, London: 11–26 Blane D (1991) Health Professionals. In: Scambler G ed. Sociology as Applied to Medicine. Bailliere Tindall, London Caldwell K and Atwal A (2003) The problems of interprofessional healthcare practice in hospitals British Journal of Nursing 12 (20)1212 1218 Carpenter J (1995) Doctors and nurses: stereotypes and stereotype change in interprofessional education. Journal of Interprofessional Care 9 (2): 151-161 Carrier J, Kendall I (1995) Professionalism and interprofessionalism in health and community care: some theoretical issues. In: Owens P, Carrier J, Horder J, eds. Interprofessional Issues in Community and Primary Health Care. Macmillan, London: 9–36 Colyer, Hazel (1999) Interprofessional teams in cancer care. Radiography 5: 187-189 Cooper, H., Carlisle, C., Gibbs, T. and Watkins, C. (2001) Developing an evidence base for interdisciplinary learning: a systematic review, Journal of Advanced Nursing 35(2): 228–37. CSP: Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (CSP, 2002) www.csp.org.uk. DoH (1991) Working Together: A Guide to Arrangements for Inter-agency Cooperation for the Protection of Children from Abuse. DoH, London DoH (1994) Implementing Caring for People: Training and Development. HMSO, London DoH (1997) The New NHS: Modern, Dependable. The Stationery Office, London DoH (1998) A First Class Service: Quality in the New NHS. DoH, London DoH (2000) The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment, A Plan for Reform. The Stationery Office, London DoH (2001a) National Service Framework for Older People. The Stationery Office, London DoH (2001b) Working Together, Learning Together: A Framework for Lifelong Learning in the NHS. The Stationery Office, London Freeman M, Miller C, Ross N (2000) The impact of individual philosophies of teamwork on multiprofessional practice and the implications for education. J Interpr of Care 14(3): 237–47 Freeth G (2001) Sustaining interprofessional collaboration. J Interprof Care 15: 37–46 Freeth D and Nicol M (1998). Learning clinical skills: an interprofessional approach. Nurse education Today 18, 455-461 Hugman R (1991) Power in the Caring Professions. Macmillan, London Kgppeli’ Silvia (1995) Interprofessional cooperation: why is partnership so difficult? Patient Education and Counseling 26: 251-256 Leiba Tony (1996) Interprofessional and multi-agency training and working British Journal of Community Nursing 1 (1): 8 12 Manias E and Street A (2001) Nurse–doctor interactions during critical care ward rounds. J Clin Nurs 10:442–50 McGrath M (1991) Multi-disciplinary teamwork. Avebury, Aldershot Molyneux J (2001) Interprofessional teamworking: what makes teams work well? J Interprof Care 15: 29–35 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE 2005) Bisphosphonates (alendronate, etidronate, risedronate), selective oestrogen receptor modulators (raloxifene) and parathyroid hormone (teriparatide) for the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fragility fractures in postmenopausal women. Technology Appraisal Document No 87. Opuko D K (1992) Does Interprofessional cooperation matter in the Care of Birthing Women? Journal of Interprofessional Care 6(2): 119-25 Ovretveit J (1997) Evaluating Health Interventions: An Introduction to Evaluation of Health Treatments, Services, Policies and Organizational Interventions. Open University Press, Buckingham Pietroni P C (1992) Towards Reflective Practice The Languages of Health and Social Care. Journal of Interprofessional Care 6(1): 7-16 Smith G, Osgood V, Crane S (2002) ALERT: a multiprofessional training course in the care of the acutely ill adult patient. Resuscitation 52(3): 281–6 Stevenson O (1985) The community care of frail elderly people: co-operation in health and social care. Br J Occup Ther 48: 332–4 Studdy S J, Nicol M J, Fox-Hiley A (I994) Teaching and learning clirdcal skills, Part 1: Development of a mullidisciplinary skills centre. Nurse Education Today14:177-185 Taylor J (1996) Systems thinking, boundaries and role clarity. Clin Perform Qual Health Care 4(4): 198–9 Tierney A, Vallis J (1999) Multidisciplinary teamworking in the care of elderly patients with hip fracture. J Interprof Care 13: 41–52 Vickridge R (1998) Collaborative working for good practice in palliative care. J Interpr of Care 12: 63–7

Policing Worldwide Essay -- Law Enforcement Police

Policing Worldwide The world of policing is one of constant change. As far back as the early days of Peelian police philosophy the missions and goals of police departments have constantly been altered. In our diverse communities and cites worldwide we see police departments engaged in very different forms of policing. Even across the many jurisdictions that operate within our nation we see departments that run at the very opposite ends of the policing spectrum, with some acing in extreme public service roles and others involved in aggressive crime fighting ideologies. These different approaches are all based of what the police identifies as the needs of the community. As constant research is conducted in the field of policing, departments adopt new policies and programs. As new technologies arise they too are incorporated into law enforcement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The New York City Police Department like any other department in the world is constantly changing and adapting its policies to conform to that of new technologies and trends in law enforcement. One of these policies that has been put into use in recent years has been that of a community policing initiative. Finding its roots in police-community relations policies of the 50’s and 60’s, community policing is a philosophy that seeks to form a partnership between the police and the community. Through this bond the community can fully identify its needs and work together with the police to battle crime as well as many other services that do not fall within the traditional roles of policing. All of this is aimed at taking a proactive approach to crime. Its basis is simply trying to work with the community to identify its problems and fixing them before they escalate or lead to crime. Community policing is far different than any other philosophy seen in pol icing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although throughout history, â€Å"there have been sporadic variations in the underpinnings of American law enforcement, its substantively has remained a legal-bureaucratic organization focusing on professional law enforcement (Gaines and Kappeler, 2003 p. 476)†. This legal-bureaucratic set up of the American police department has it as an agency concerned with statistic and numbers. The outputs of policing that include number of arrests, volume of recovered property, number of citations issued, response times and the other stats of policing play a more i... ...mmander is then praised for his success in lower crime. However, I feel that this alienates the police from a community. If the police implement aggressive tactic in an area, the public often perceives this in almost a military sweep. The cops are seen as the bad guys that only come in to arrest the criminals and then go on their way to other high crime areas. If CompStat identified the high crime areas and then used community policing tactics to permanently rid the underlying problems of crime in that  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However the hierarchy of the New York City Police Department chooses to deal with these two new tactics in policing will change the course of our city. I feel that while both valuable tactics, the NYPD should stress its role in community policing. If the police continue to adopt aggressive styles of policing and continue to alienate themselves from the community, they might find themselves being hated by the city they protect. I think that CompStat has been a val uable tool for New York to lower its crime rate, however I think it fosters reactive and aggressive tactics. Unless it is changed or abandoned, the police will continue to widen the gap between themselves and the public.

Ap World Essay: Compare and Contrast

1 – The ancient civilizations of our past are full of mystery and information. Even though some civilizations were miles apart and in different time periods they created some things that were very similar. The Book of the Dead from Egypt is quite similar to the Code of Hammurabi which is from Babylon. Yet the Code of Hammurabi is also similar to the Ten Commandments which is from Israel but at the same time is similar to an Egyptian student guideline. Though these four things are very different from one another they are also quite similar as well. – The Book of the Dead originated from Egypt. It was a testimony in which Judgment was based on. The testimony basically explains righteousness and purity; that the individual has done nothing wrong or impure. It is the point of when Osiris makes a judgment on whether the soul should live in a heaven like place or something similar to the underworld. This is like if you do something bad when you lived you’ll pay for it in your afterlife; which is very similar to how the Code of Hammurabi is based. 3- The Code of Hammurabi originates from Babylon.It is how people were to behave. Very similar to the phrase,†An eye for an eye, a hand for a hand. † In some cases the quote is taken very literal such as â€Å"195. If a son has struck his father, they shall cut off his hand. † This was the law. 4- The Ten Commandments originated from Israel. They were very similar to laws, except these were created by the God of their religion. Though they are connected to the Code of Hammurabi by law they are also connected to the Book of the Dead. This is because in the Ten Commandments it says â€Å"13- You shall not kill. 4- You shall not commit adultery. 15- You shall not steal. 16†¦. † This in which is similar to the Book of the Dead for it promotes purity and righteousness. 5- The Guidelines for Egyptian students originates from Egypt! The guidelines emphasize to always work hard and to not be lazy. It is the expectations of the students. Even though it was written by fathers to their sons it seems like an enforced rule. The passage basically says Focus on your studies to aim to become a scribe. Since scribes have the most power, â€Å"But the scribe, he directs every work that is in the land! Though this passage seems quite different from the other passages there are some similarities. The expectations of the students â€Å"duty† is similar to the Ten Commandments for the rules are what is expected of them. 6- Even though time barriers and physical barriers separated the Book of the Dead, the Code of Hammurabi, the Ten Commandments, and the Guidelines for Egyptian students they still managed to have many similarities. Some of them were connected by laws, expectations, religions, and/or dedication. Though they are different topics the concepts were all similar.

Soldier X Summary

Summary: Soldier X Erik Brandt is a 16 year old half Russian half German boy. He is in a program called Jungend which is also known as Hitler's Children Army. It is like Boy Scouts for German Kids. They boys in the Jungend are also enlisted soldiers who have to fight when it is needed. One day Erik is sent to fight in the war. He is shipped to the eastern front where the Germans have to fight Russia on Russian soil. Erik is uncomfortable because he is half Russian and German.He was aware of the things Germans were doing to Jews but he was convinced it was right and that Jews were preventing Germany's world domination. While traveling to Russia he becomes acquainted with some other boys in his platoon named Oskar, Jakob, and Fassnacht. They get attacks by aircraft and very few of the Germans die but the boys are pretty scared. When they reach their destination they go into the trenches and prepare to fight.Their commander explains the plan and teaches them how to use certain equipment like mines and grenades. When the first waves of Russians attack it is mainly infantry foot soldiers. The Germans win and Erik thinks it’s over and he is exhausted and tired. Then their commander says that was the easy one and tells them to prepare for tanks to start progressing. In the second wave the Germans start to drop and German hope looks lost. Erik is hit by a grenade and he is hurt. He is lying in pain in the bottom of a trench.With many dead bodies around him, he sees that playing dead won’t help because the Russians are stabbing every body they find with a bayonet. He knew he was running out of time. To his luck a tank broke down over him. He now has to think fast. He sees a dead Russian boy and puts on him uniform to disguise himself. He leaves the trench disguised as a Russian. As he is going he get shot by a surviving German in the side. He passes out and wakes up in hospital. When the soldiers he meets asks his name he says he has amnesia.He meets a you ng nurse in the hospital named Tamara. They talk a lot and get to know each other very well. They eventually fall in love. The hospital is bombed one day and they must escape. They make a plan to go all the way to the United States. They are able to escape Russia and make it to America. While sneaking through Germany Erik loses his left arm when he gets shot. The American soldiers take care of him. He gets to America with Tamara and they start a family and live their lives there where Erik becomes a history teacher.

Political Extremism and the Internet

Being able to reach voters n such a wide scale has had an astounding effect on politics in this country. The internet has allowed political extremism to flourish in the past decade. Those on the left side of the ideological spectrum as well as those on the right are able to access sites that share similar views, while simultaneously having the ability to block out opposing views. The impact that this has on the outcome of elections is something that simply cannot be ignored. The web is now one of the most effective tools in campaign arsenals.Those who do not use the internet for political reasons have also tarted to realize the ramifications that the internet can have on political extremism as well as politics in general. The increase in overall internet usage is leading to a rise in political extremism and is having a profound effect on the political discourse in America. Voters tend to have somewhat conflicting views on the use of the internet for political purposes. Most believe t hat the internet has the ability to present several different views on a particular issue, yet others believe it is hard to sort through all of the different sources (Smith).Some see it as a hindrance to the olitical process because of the way that inaccurate information seems to circulate freely (Smith). However, most people would agree that it is up to each individual reader to make the determination as to what qualifies as an accurate and reliable source. Fifty-six percent of all adult internet users say that they have difficulty determining which political stories are true and which ones are false (Smith). However, many users also find it convenient to connect with those that share similar political views (Smith).Left wing media outlets maintain a strong presence on the World Wide Web. Such sites tend to report both major and minor news stories with a left-leaning bias. This allows readers of these particular sites to only see one certain viewpoint on a story. The Huffington Pos t is one of the most popular liberal news outlets. It is run by Arianna Huffington who is the former wife of a republican congressman; she switched her political beliefs in the late 1990s (Huffington). The Huffington Post was recently purchased by AOL in 2011 for over three hundred million dollars (Huffington).The sale has not slowed the site though, as it remains as popular as ever. The Huffington Post covers a vast array of topics ranging from politics to comedy (Huffington). While there have been some attempts to produce a conservative website in the same style as The Huffington post, these efforts have not seen the same success as the Huffington t (Top 1 ) It maintains a large readership due to this wide variety that users have access to. However, political topics tend to dominate the front page, and are thereby seen by additional traffic from those Just using the site for entertainment purposes (Huffington).The way in which the Huffington Post displays its content creates a use r-friendly environment hat keeps readers interested. Its use of catchy, and oftentimes misleading, headlines allows readers to skim the front page of the website and get an over view of the leading stories of the day. However, the most serious issue with sites like the Huffington Post is their refusal to cover stories that portray liberals in a negative way. This bias was pointed out by Lee Stranahan who is actually employed by the Huffington Post (Stranahan).He was particularly troubled by the way that some stories were simply ignored by several liberal news media (Stranahan). He expressed he belief that this tactic is one that is harmful to nearly all voters, as it only fuels partisanship (Stranahan). It allows ignorance to perpetuate which is detrimental to all parties involved. However, the practice of selective Journalism seems to plague an equal number of both liberals and conservatives. Sites that promote news with a conservative slant tend to be somewhat more prevalent than those that have a more liberal leaning.This can be attributed to the belief held those on the right feel that the mainstream media is promoting a liberal agenda (Stanley). One of the most opular conservative websites is the Drudge Report. The Drudge Report was started by Matt Drudge in the late 1990s and consistently has over thirty million hits daily (Drudge). He has been able to achieve this success with a fairly low-tech website that relies on a religious-like following from his readers. Drudge first gained notoriety when he broke the Monica Lewinsky scandal during the Clinton Administration.He has maintained this success by grabbing viewers' attention with clever headlines that link to other websites that offer varying political views (Drudge). The Drudge Report is onsidered by many political insiders as the major driver of political news discussions in America as it directs its readers to other news sites (Sullivan). This leads to greater exposure for stories that are linked on Drudge (Stanley). However, it still is seen by many Journalists and political pundits as being biased.

The views and perceptions of students and mentors regarding mentorship Dissertation

The views and perceptions of students and mentors regarding mentorship role - Dissertation Example The shortage of nursing staff has simultaneously reduced the faculty available for mentoring. However as peer mentoring has been found to be a feasible solution to the many challenges by several researchers there is no other option but to enforce practical solutions. The promotion of the concept of peer mentoring provides an overall answer. The stress on education and the burden on the limited number of faculty could be lessened through increasing the opportunity for peer mentoring. Mentorship or preceptorship has become an essential strategy of nursing education for the preparation of nursing students for the profession (Smedley, 2008). Researchers have made suggestions to overcome hurdles and promote peer mentoring. Nurses could mentor other nurses and students could mentor their juniors apart from the usual concept where lecturers and nurse educators mentored nursing students (Dennison, 2007). The mentors were to be supported by other staff and clinical colleagues. Exceptional aca demic and clinical skills determined whether a nurse or nursing student could be a mentor. The vast literature on the subject of mentorship, which kept changing its features, has opened my eyes to this problem of mentorship in nursing needing speedy resolution. The future of nursing, quality care and client satisfaction depended on the ethical practices for assessment of the clinical abilities or skills of a nursing student (Gopee, 2008). The general trend highlights the vital role of the clinical staff nurses in the mentoring of students into competent leaders of the future and custodians of safe and efficient patient care. However the problem that nurses have not fully grasped the significance of their roles... The paper tells that a significant requirement of nurse education was the presence and support of a preceptor who played a key role in the integration and growth of nursing students towards the profession. The benefits of the learning experiences were mutual for both the preceptor and the student nurse. The hospital, the community and mental health centers were the different settings where the guidance of the preceptor had a role in shaping the student nurse for further experiences in the profession. Her observation and supervision enhanced the abilities of the student and equipped them with problem-solving habits. Socialization was the technique that the preceptor used to help the nurse student to notice the link between theory and practice, a great responsibility. The preceptor meanwhile has her own experience of being a successful preceptor adding a new feather in her cap. The preceptor’s selfless attitude in nursing would be emulated by her students and this further instil led in her the power of her additional responsibility and prowess in her profession. The preceptor planned the time management, prioritization of care and delegation of work. Smedley and Penney had advocated a preceptor’s course for registered nurses which improved their skills for preceptorship to produce a learning relationship in their work setting. The mentored nursing students would advance in professional skills, elevating their knowledge and gradually changing their attitudes to the profession through an action-learning process.

Critical Thinking paper in Health Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Thinking paper in Health Care - Essay Example When he was experienced the creativity decreases, which makes him apply his known and time tested strategies and techniques he found successful. This is in general but not be certainly Work setting depends upon nature of work and work place. If the nature of work is individual one has enough free hand to set it according to his convenience. For instance, a teacher in a school can work according to his own plan and setting regarding his duties in class room and correction of Answer sheets. But in the case of a marketing executive it depends on his superiors, subordinates and the clients he has to meet and melt. When it comes to the work in a back office it depends on the work culture of that office and the nature and pace of doing work of his colleagues. The situation is different in case of front office. There, the work setting depends upon the people they meet and talk. All the aforesaid cases are the instances of subordinate services. If one has to lead a team (smaller or bigger) he has to plan every thing in advance and must be able to guide his team mates. Here the work setting needs a good home work, alertness and planning. When one member abstains from work or will take leave, the work setting depends on the team leader.

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

English - Essay Example Correct dressing needs sufficient time to prepare and the knowledge of correct kind of clothes that fit a particular occasion, event, or situation depending on the persons that one would communicate with or interact with. Another reason why good dressing indicates good personality is that a balanced personality would indicate that a person has enough knowledge on physical appearance. Important aspects in one’s life that need to be developed and developed to prepare one in interacting with other people, through different situations. Preparations therefore, to develop one’s character include the development of intellectual skills, emotional skills, as well as skills in good grooming to make one presentable at all times. Third reason that supports good dressing indicates good personality is that by knowing how to dress correctly, people will give due respect. It would totally be improper to show excellence in mental skills but be sloppy in physical appearance by dressing i n ill-fitted or inappropriate clothes. A businessman or head of a corporation would look bad in presenting the proposals or strategies in a business meeting, for example, if he is seen to be dressed in shorts and t-shirts.

VAT Tax - Theory of Levying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

VAT Tax - Theory of Levying - Essay Example The main advantage of VAT is the cascading type tax (CTT); the biggest limitation from a CTT to a VAT is the ability of an increase in inflation. A book, The Modern VAT was published in 2001 by the International Monetary Fund and it defines VAT as "A broad-based tax levied on commodity sales up to and including, at least, the manufacturing stage, with systematic offsetting of tax charged on commodities purchased as inputs -- except perhaps on capital goods -- against that due on outputs." India and the US, two of the worlds democracies, don't have VAT system because the idea behind the VAT is system is a tax to end all taxes, but other countries that have VAT don't levy entry or luxury duty. If the prices of stock transfer goods increase then the impact of the VAT system would be, the "Denial of tax credit in respect of inter-state stock transfers will prejudice investment in less developed states or states with relatively small 'internal' markets." Then every state government with the VAT system would have a draft law that wouldn't allow VAT already paid off elsewhere. Tax experts now state that the price of consumer goods is increasing by 15-20%. The ministry of finance and state admin of tax posted a notice about the increase on electronically products in 1998, which caused the VAT to increase from 9% to 11%. The VAT rate for textiles is 15%, for the sale/import of most goods is 17%, and 13% for vegetable oil, natural gas, and chemical fertilizer. An organization that makes taxable goods have 7% tax (inclusive of government taxes), this is the majority of businesses. Some goods have a 0% VAT, in this case the supplies does not collect the tax, but can put a recovery on its input tax. Some 0% VAT items are: Exported goods Services provided in locally but used overseas Services of international transportation by air and sea. Ministry, Department, Local Government or public enterprises sales Sale of goods and services to the United Nation Sale of goods and services from one warehouse or enterprise to another. The taxpayers net tax is calculated and the beginning of each month that credits the amount of VAT paid on inventories, capital goods or raw materials that were for sale or in the process of consumption during the on the versus the total amount of VAT due on for the goods or services in the same months. (Input Tax vs. Output Tax). What are VAT exemptions There are 10 categories that are excluded of the VAT tax, but keep in mind that a trader under any of these exemptions can't use input tax credits. Some exemptions are as follows: small entrepreneurs, unprocessed farm products (fertilizer, pesticides etc), newspapers, magazines, textbooks, domestic and international transport, health and educational and medical services, libraries and museum services, religious services and charity Tax Invoice The VAT-payers have to issue tax invoices to show the details of the value of goods sold. An invoice is necessary because it is evidence of input tax for the taxpayers that buy goods. A tax invoice consists of: An obvious mention of 'TAX INVOICE' on the paper the name, address, and tax identification number of the issuer;and the purchaser The serial numbers of the tax invoice and the tax invoice book the type, category, quantity, and value of the goods or serv

Managing and controlling Ethics programs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Managing and controlling Ethics programs - Essay Example However, any approach aims at enhancing moral responsibility of the employees (Brown, M, 2010, p.1). Notably, an ethics program entails a code of ethics, an audit system, organizational culture, and a mode of communication, ethical training, and a reporting mechanism (Ferrell, O.C., Fraedrich, J & Ferrell, L., 2012, p.241-246). An effective ethics program creates a competitive advantage, enhances performance, increases profits, and ensures the attainment of the business goals. Ethically, the ethics program reduces misconduct, improves decision-making, and improves ethical awareness. Most specifically, an effective business ethics program should be formal to engage the operations, marketing, human resource, and all the other units of a business. However, it is clear that to design and implement an effective ethics program, a lot of management and control is necessary. Indeed, since businesses have different scope and have different goals, any business adopts ethic programs that are re asonable and effective to specific businesses. As such, it is the manadate of the management to ensure the design and implementation of an effective ethics program. In managing and controlling an effective business ethics program, the organization must have the relevant resources. Most specifically, the organization must have qualified and ethical leaders and managers. This will guarantee quality, professionalism, and effective design, management, implementation, and control of all ethical practices in the organization. The organization must also have a business environment that fosters ethical behaviour in the organization. The management has the mandate to ensure that the business environment is ethical friendly and they should not compromise ethical culture in an organization. Additionally, the mangers should establish an organizational culture that fosters commitment to ethical conduct and compliance to the law. Indeed,

A Dangerous Method Essay Example for Free

A Dangerous Method Essay A Dangerous Method was nothing short of intriguing and moving. It was a film based on psychoanalysis and the careers of some of its most well-known practitioners, Carl Jung, Sigmund Freud, Sabina Spielrein, and Otto Gross. I feel that each one of these characters was well played. Each one helped to put the viewer there with them and understand each circumstance clearly. This movie truly displays the reality of what can happen even in such a professional field. While in class, some of these topics can blend together and not really catch my full attention. Since watching this movie the  names Carl Jung, Sabina Spielrein, and Sigmond Freud have stuck in my memory. This movie helped me to understand Freud and Jung’s friendship. I found their differences rather interesting. It seemed to me that Jung was more open to other theories and explanations behind human behavior while Freud seemed very much so stuck in a box with his way of thinking. He would not budge. He wanted to stay on track because it was best for their reputation and their credibility. All while Jung had believed that there was much more to it than Freud had thought. The relationship between Jung and Sabina was intriguing to  say the least. In the beginning of the movie Sabina was having physical ticks and outbursts, also what seemed to me to be hysterical episodes. The movie takes a turn when we find out the root of Sabina’s issues. The fact that her Father was severely abusive to her was bad enough, and then we find out that she liked it and it excited her! This was discovered by Jung’s talking method. This signified the beginning of a whole different and affective method of therapy. Also, after these discoveries were made about Sabina, she seemed to make great progress and calm down. She started school to become a psychologist. Jung and Sabina began working closely with each other and shared ideas and theories. While Sabina moved away to Vienna Jung and Sabina started to have an affair. Carl Jung was married and had children but gave in to his temptations with Sabina. Otto Gross planted the seed in Jung’s head that not only was it O. K. to give in to sexual temptation but unhealthy not to. This affair was both intense and exciting for the viewer. This affair crossed so many boundaries. Carl Jung was married with children and still gave in to his temptations. This affair also grew into something deeper between the two of them. They began to love each other and Jung found himself stuck within his feelings. Not only was this wrong because he was being unfaithful to his wife it was extremely unprofessional. The fact that Sabina was his patient was nothing short of unacceptable. To me, the two should have known better than to think this secret relationship they had would last. Because Jung was Sabina’s therapist, he knew her issues that she was battling. Even though Jung knew these issues he still proceeded to have sex with her in a way that fed her issues. This caused Sabina to become obsessed with him, and when he tried to cut off the relationship, she cut his  face in his office. All of this could’ve been avoided if the both of them respected their relationships. Otto Gross came to Carl Jung as a patient but was also a therapist. He had very different views than Jung and Freud. Like I said earlier he believed that monogamy was unrealistic and as human beings it is unhealthy to act on our sexual urges or desires. He had sex with most of his female patients and was proud of it. This topic in particular is one that got under my skin the most. I disagree with his theory. For one, as human beings in this day in age, we would be spreading diseases left and right if we just had  sex with whoever we desired in that moment. More than we are already. Not only would we be putting our health at risk, there would be another baby boom, and even more failed marriages. It was clear that Gross made Jung feel more comfortable with his urges regarding Sabina which led to nothing but negative effects. Sex is something sacred that should be shared between two people who have love for each other and kept between them. When these boundaries are crossed it leads to heartbreak and hurt to innocent people as well. All in all, this film was a great story about Feud and Jung’s journeys. It helped me to understand their viewpoints better, and understand their relationship. It was also amazing for me to see the transformation of Sabina. She went from a troubled hysterical individual, to a studious, more controlled and calm person. It showed how effective the talking method is. It can help heal people and come face to face with their issues and face them head on. This film also helped me to understand how narrow minded Freud was for a psychoanalysist. This movie was excellent and I would highly recommend it to anyone interested in psychology. It was very interesting.

An Integrative Framework Of Management Perspectives Religion Essay

An Integrative Framework Of Management Perspectives Religion Essay Management has become a part and parcel of everyday life, be it at home, in the office or factory and in government. In all organizations, where group of human beings assemble for a common purpose, management principles come into play through the management of resources, finance and planning, priorities, policies and practice. Management is a systematic way of carrying out activities in any field of human effort (Bhattathiri, 2001). Efficacious and effective management is not possible without in-depth knowledge of the organisation which is being managed. Organisational knowledge is absolutely critical to building, preserving and leveraging institutional excellence. It is like the air you breathe-you cannot measure it, touch it, or see it but you cannot survive without it (Prasad, 2004)). The basic elements of management are always there whether we manage our lives or our business. In fact, management is used knowingly or unknowingly by everybody born as human being on this earth. We are all managers of our own life and the practice of management is found in every facet of human activity: schools, business, government, unions, armed forces, families and religious places. Thus, management has become an exciting and entertaining subject because it deals with setting, seeking and achieving objectives. It makes human efforts more productive. It brings order and effectiveness to the efforts of the people. It brings better equipment, plants, offices, products, services and human relations to our society. There is no substitute for good management and good management consists of showing average people how to do the work of superior people. Society is a collection of individuals and individuals constitute society. Every individual has several needs and wants but it is impossible for him to satisfy all his desires and wants with his own efforts alone. Thus, he joins hands with others and works in organised groups to achieve what he cannot achieve singlehandedly. Today, the society has large and complex institutions with many people working together. In other words, when a number of persons join together for the attainment of some common objectives, organisation comes into being. Whatever may be the nature and kind of the organisation, it cannot run successfully unless there is someone to manage its affairs. Management is an essential part of any group activity. It is the management which plans, organises, co-ordinates and controls the affairs of the organisation. It brings the human and physical resources together and motivates the people at work in order to create a cordial, congenial and harmonious environment in the o rganisation. To sum up, it can be said that an organisation is like an orchestra team. It is for the management to make music or a noise out of it. If there is an effective and efficient management, the result is sweet and melodious music; otherwise the result is chaotic and awful noise. CONCEPT OF MANAGEMENT: The concept of management is as old as the human race itself. It is a universal phenomenon. It is not merely the monopoly of business houses. It is a part and parcel of every kind of decision making. It is the marshalling of manpower resources and strategy for getting a job done. Management is multifunctional in nature. It is a set of techniques and functional processes employed to maximize productive utilization of human, physical and natural resources for the benefit of all in a healthy physical and conceptual environment. Men, material, money, machinery and methods constitute human and physical resources. The physical environment consists of temperature; noise, light, ventilation; the tools which are employed; the methods of work; the material employed; the sequence in which the work is performed and other physical aspects. The conceptual, or mental, environment is concerned with the attitude or frame of mind of individual worker in the given environment. The manager has to provid e a positive and conducive environment where the worker gives his best to the institution. Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims (Koontz Weihrich, 1998). It involves coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are undertaken efficiently and effectively. Management puts ideas into action through and with people. Efficient management leads to productivity with peace, growth with harmony and brings out the best potential in people. Management creates harmony in working together, equilibrium in thought and action, goals and achievements, plan and performance, produce and market (Bhattathiri, 2001). When people are motivated and inspired, they run their organisations efficiently and profitably, produce quality goods and services and keep customers and clients satisfied (Bodhananda, 2007). Lack of management can create chaos and cause mayhem, perplexity, wastage, delay, obliteration, losses and low sense of worth. Management is about managing self, people and situations. Manager has to show the path on which his workforce can excel and stay focused. Managements task is to make people capable of joint performances and make their strength effective and make their weaknesses irrelevant (Drucker, 1998). It is the capability and capacity of the manager that can transform the situations to the best for all the stakeholders. If he is bestowed with the quality to judge the people and their talents then he can take them to the zenith of their performance. Management is helping ordinary people to produce extraordinary results (Someswarananda, 2005). Management, today, goes beyond giving just direction or getting work done by people. Manager has to think beyond results; he has also to create and sustain performers by inspiring them. Managers job is two-fold (1) To translate the dream in terms of project; and (2) To produce performers. Workmans job is to produce results from planning to execution. And supervisors duty is to solve the problems of workmen (Someswarananda, 2005). 1.2 MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES: The word perspective has been derived from the Medieval Latin word perpectiva (ars) science of optics, from the verb perspicere which means to look through (Oxford Dictionary). It implies a view or vista or a mental view or outlook of a person or an organisation. It also means the ability to perceive things in their actual interrelations or comparative importance (thefreedictionary.com). Management Perspectives provide an overview of the principles, skills, challenges and the other factors which the managers have to face today. These include the theoretical framework, ideas and techniques which can be applied to day-to-day work of an organization like planning, decision making, leadership, motivation, communication, human resource management, corporate social responsibility, change management and managerial skills and mantras required for effective and efficient working of the organization. It is a proved fact that management is not an action in isolation; it is rather the impact of total environment in which the organization exists. Starting from the management in antiquity to the management in modern times, the different perspectives of management at different points of time can be summed up briefly as under in an integrative manner: An Integrative Framework of Management Perspectives (Source: www.cab.edu.np) 1.3 HISTORY OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT: Management has always been a part of the nature of man. In its crude form, it has been there from nomads to rulers of various kingdoms. Management as a field of study may be just 125 years old, but management ideas and practices have actually been used from the earliest times of recorded history. For example, 2,500 years before management researchers called it job enrichment, the Greeks learned that they could improve the productivity of boring repetitious tasks by performing them to music. The basic idea was to use a flute, drum, or sing lyrics to pace people to work in unison, using the same efficient motions, to stimulate them to work faster and longer, and to make even a boring work or job interesting and entertaining. While we can find the seeds of many of todays management ideas throughout history, not until the last two centuries, however, did systematic changes in the nature of work and organizations create a compelling need for managers. Examples of management thought and pr actice can be found all through the history (Williams, 2009). This has been shown in the table below. Table-1.1 Management Ideas and Practice throughout History Time Group Contribution to Management Thought and Practice 5000 B.C. Sumerians Record keeping 4000 B.C. Egyptians Recognized the need for planning, organizing, and controlling 2000 B.C. Egyptians Requests submitted in writing. Decisions made after consulting staff for advice 1800 B.C. Hammurabi Established controls by using writing to document transactions and by using witnesses to vouch for what was said or done 600 B.C. Nebucha Production control and wage incentives 500 B.C. Sun Tzu Strategy; identifying and attacking opponents weaknesses 400 B.C. Xenophon Management recognized as a separate art 400 B.C. Cyrus Human relations and motion study 175 Cato Job descriptions 284 Diocletian Delegation of Authority 900 Alfarabi Listed leadership traits 1100 Ghazali Listed managerial traits 1418 Barbarigo Different organizational forms/structures 1436 Venetians Numbering, standardization, and interchangeability of parts 1500 Sir Thomas Critical of poor management More and leadership 1525 Machiavelli Cohesiveness, power, and leadership in organizations (Source: C. S. George, Jr., The History of Management Thought, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1972) Concept of management has undergone a sea change since its inception, as a formal subject, in the early 1900s. From the set of principles evolved the scientific management theory of F. W. Taylor and it played a role as a prominent theory till 1950s. Focus of management then shifted to decision theory. In 1960s, systems orientation emerged. Change and contingency management of 1970s was followed by new approaches to human relations and production quality in the 1980s and archetype management in 1990s. Journey of management thought is depicted briefly in the table below- Table-1.2 Major Classification of Management Approaches and their Contributors Pre-classical Contributors to Management Thought Name Contribution Robert Owen Proposed legislative reforms to improve working conditions of labour Charles Babbage Advocated the concept of division of labour; devised a profit-sharing plan which led to the modern-day Scanlon Plan Andrew Ure and Charles Dupin Advocated the study of management Henry R. Towne Emphasized the need to consider management as a separate field of study and the importance of business skills for running a business. Major Classification of Management Approaches Major Contributors Classical approach Scientific management Frederick W. Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth and Henry Gantt Bureaucratic management Max Weber Administrative management Henri Fayol Behavioral approach Group influences Mary Parker Follet Hawthorne studies Elton Mayo Maslows needs theory Abraham Maslow Theory X and Theory Y Douglas McGregor Model I versus Model II values Chris Argyris Quantitative approach Management science Operations management Management information system Modern approaches The Systems Theory Contingency Theory Emerging approaches: Theory Z and Quality management William Ouchi (Source-https://sites.google.com/site/early-approaches-to-management) Under various approaches, management was described from different points of view largely depending on the perspective and background of the management thinker. Koontz identifies eleven approaches to the management concept, which are as follows: The  empirical approach  states that we can understand what management is by determining what contributed to success or failure in specific cases. The  interpersonal behaviour approach  is based on getting things done through people and therefore, management is centered in understanding relationships (psychology). The  group behaviour approach  emphasizes the behaviour of people within groups and thus tends to rely on sociology, anthropology, and social psychology. Often this interest in-group behaviour patterns is named organizational behaviour. The  cooperative social system approach  (organizational theory) combines elements of the interpersonal and group behaviour approaches into a system called the organization where the primary purpose is co-operation. The  socio-technical system approach  adds to the previous approach the dimension of technical systems. It is believed that the machines and methods have a strong influence on the social system and that the task of the manager is to ensure harmony between the social and technical systems. The  decision theory approach  believes that management is characterized by decision making and therefore a systematic approach to decision-making essentially outlines management. The  systems approach  to management, like biological systems, views managements role within an assemblage of subsystems, inputs, and processes within an environment, all of which are interconnected and/or interdependent. This may not be a different approach but is a holistic view of management, providing place for elements of the other approaches to be incorporated. The  management science approach  believes that problems can be described within a mathematical model basic relationships in such a way that the goal may be optimized. The  situational approach  states that, management action depends on the situation taking into account the influence of given actions on the behaviour patterns of individuals and the organization. This is a practical approach, which hints at the art (viz, science) of management. The  managerial roles approach  is based on research by Mintzberg as to the roles (functions) managers fill. The  operational approach  is an attempt to combine elements of all of the above-mentioned approaches, taking what is applicable, discarding that which is not, and developing an approach to management that indicates the complexity and variedness of what is expected of the manager (Koontz, 1980). However, all these approaches are lacking in one aspect or the other. Concept of management has evolved over the years and is an ongoing process; it changes and improves as the environment changes. The discipline of management is just 100 years old. By and large, it is a product of industrial revolution. Hence, its intellectual traditions are rooted in engineering and economics. Later it was influenced by psychology, sociology and other related disciplines. During recent years, yoga, meditation and spirituality have also started influencing the field of management (Sharma, 2006). During the 1990s, the evolution of spirituality and management theories converged and triggered a bold interest in formulating spirituality based theories and research within the academic management domain, resulting in the formulation of a new discipline (Rojas, 2005). In the present epoch, internationally operated organisations are stirring towards holistic approach to management. Holistic approach takes under its ambit the whole organisation, systems, people and culture. Holistic approach can bring better results for modern organisations to deal with complex issues in global environment, because according to Aristotle, whole is more than the sum of its parts (Abbasi, Rehman and Bibi, 2010) 1.4 MANAGEMENT TODAY: People who are making judicious use of available resources and effectively managing to earn high profits and returns are not sure if its worth it. They feel defeated in spite of being successful. The reason is that money is being minted through unethical and immoral means. Industrialists today are doing the right things for their ventures but not necessarily doing things the right way. Indian companies are in a state of flux, more bewilderment, conflict and tension persists in its working and less emphasis is on the issues of productivity, motivation, principles, morals, ideals and ethics. The reason for this state of affairs is too much dependence on western models of management. The management philosophy emanating from the west is based on the lure of materialism and on a perennial thirst for profits, irrespective of the quality of the means adopted to achieve that goal (Bhattathiri, 2001). There is a spurt in corporate scandals since the focus of most business houses is to earn more and more money. Almost every year, it seems, some scandal envelops a Fortune 500 company and causes a new spasm of public distrust of big corporations. This years occurrence probably should not be surprising; in the competitive marketplace, the temptation to cut ethical corners can be hard to resist (Zipkin, 2000). Corporate, do not stop to think and contemplate the effect of their greed on the stakeholders. There is insatiable hunger for success at any cost. In their unquenchable desire for number one position, corporate are becoming ruthless, forgetting their duties towards the society at large. The world today is so corruptible, gullible and materialistic that many corporations and nations operate without a soul conscience. The capitalistic bottom-line of maximizing profits has become the benchmark for purported success, pervading international, regional, national and organizational leve ls (Noor, 2004). Management has been reduced to a handmaid of profiteering. The maximizing of profits becomes the ultimate goal, to the exclusion of all other considerations (Gupta, 2000). We are aware that with its axis on privatization and liberalization, national and world economic order is gradually becoming market oriented and globalised. Capital is todays integrating factor. Those who have or can access to resource stand to benefit from this economy while others are being marginalized (Xavier, 1999). Corporate houses that are becoming aware of their ethical and social responsibilities towards the society are only following the mandatory responsibilities. Contemporary research has found that while around three quarters of major Australian companies believe it is the responsibility of their boards to set an appropriate tone from the top and monitor organizational performance against a formal code of conduct, 84 percent of the companies that has promulgated a code of ethics reported that they did not actually monitor compliance with it (International Survey of Corporate Responsibility Reporting 2005, KPMG, Australia). This is also the case of companies in many developed as well as developing economies. There is awakening of moral and ethical responsibilities but much more needs to be done at the local and global level. Lately, however, corporate America seems to be doing more than just paying lip service to standards of management behaviour. For all the controversy surrounding the F irestone/Ford tyre recall, and the questions it raises about the potential for corporate wrongdoing, a growing number of big companies are enacting strict ethical guidelines and backing them up with internal mechanisms to enforce them. While some consider the changes little more than window dressing, there is no doubt that change is afoot (Zipkin, 2000). In the present era, corporate sector desires to own workers not humans. Materialism has crept into the roots of the corporate world. Materialistic management has done more harm than good. The capitalist has grown richer, man has been reduced to a hired wage-earner and the consumer has been placed at the mercy of the materialistic manager. There is no sense of belonging, no harmony, no co-operative organisation, no fellow-feeling and the least common approach and perspective (Gupta, 2000). 1.5 NEED TO RECONNECT TO THE ROOTS: There is more to management than just earning profits and more to the role of a manager than achieving the organisational objectives. He has to become the watch dog to see that nothing detrimental is done by the company at the cost of the stakeholders. He has to stay connected to the roots of his religion and culture while performing his job. Sharma (2001) argues that for a management system, to be effective, it has to be rooted in the cultural soil of the country, where it is practiced. Many communities and countries in the world are now trying to discover and explore their own system of management, which includes accounting and financial management, human resource management, corporate governance, and also CSR (Muniapan, 2008). Not only eastern world but the western world of business is also realizing the need to reconnect to the roots of their religion and culture and to infuse their working with morals and ethics. Management thinkers, all over the world, are developing models of management by imbibing insight into their scriptures. These models are becoming powerful catalysts for transformation. A leadership and management paradigm that transcends narrows chauvinism, neo-conservation and jingoism, with a universal, egalitarian and magnanimous approach, is needed (Noor, 2004). Also models are being framed on world leaders with a semblance of altruistic inclinations. To really understand leadership, we need to put our ear to the ground of history and listen carefully to the ragas of human hopes, desires, and aspirations, and the follies, disappointments, and triumphs of those who led and those who followed them. As per the Confucius proverb, a man who reviews the old so as to find out the new is qualified t o teach others. Management needs to be sprinkled with ideals of religion. For the sustainable development of the enterprise the need is to look for long term benefits of all stakeholders, not base decisions for short term benefits to the individuals. The best way out in the situation, is to take shelter under the teaching of the scriptures. In our faith based vision we see God at work in the world and in all creation moving mankind towards a world of justice, peace and love. This is social humanism. Management being a worldly enterprise and part of creation has to position itself in alignment with this divine purpose, our policies and mega plans are to be attuned to this divine plan over percent and active in creation (Xavier, 1999). Various studies have been carried out to study the effect of interplay between management and religion and results depict positive outcome. In a study conducted at the European University Viadrina, Frankfurt by Tan and Vogel (2005), it was noted that trustworthiness inc reases with religiosity and people with higher level of religiosity, are more likely to trust and be trusted in their relationships. In a doctoral study conducted by Werner (2006) found that religious beliefs (Christianity) play an important role in SME business behaviour in both the UK and Germany (Uygur, 2009). Since management is primarily concerned with managing people, managers needs to take guidance of specific magnitude of man-management such as believing and being open to people and their ideas, acknowledging them in various roles of life, serving and loving them. Need of the hour is to develop managers with focus on human excellence comprising competence, conscience and compassionate concern along with academic and technical competencies. The prevalent limited view of education with an exclusive focus on academic excellence and technical competence is fraught with dangers as we can produce people who are advanced intellectually or competent technically but in the meantime remain emotionally underdeveloped and morally and spiritually immature (Xavier, 1999). Ryuzaburo Kaku, Chairman, Canon Inc. in 1988 envisaged the corporate philosophy to begin a new phase in the 50 year old companys evolution. He expressed this philosophy as the achievement of corporate growth and development, with the aim of contributing to global prosperity and the well-being of humankind. This is the idea behind kyosei. According to the concept of kyosei, a corporate should make every effort to create wealth by fair means and, in terms of the distribution of profits; it should play a very active role as a company that assumes global social responsibilities. The view, that kyosei limits competition is way off the mark. Although it is crucial to eliminate unfair competition, kyosei can be seen as being a prerequisite to fair competition between independent corporations. The idea of kyosei was also adopted by the Caux Round Table (CRT), founded in 1986 and named after the Swiss town of Caux where it began meeting. It is an informal group of business leaders from Europe , U.S. and Japan who had the converging experience that corporate business can, without losing performance, act as a tool to provide a better service to society when the goal of serving the common good is not forgotten, let alone rejected. The group wrote its own guidelines for corporate ethical standards based on the Japanese concept of kyosei, which Mr. Ryuzaburu Kaku, chairman of Canon Inc. and most prominent participant in the CRT, translated as living and working together for the common good. The other key word was human dignity, without which the common good can disintegrate into despotism. In fact, both keywords, common good/kyosei and human dignity, could be found in the document of the MCCR (Minnesota Center for Corporate Responsibility). Peter Drucker also stressed that religion can have a positive influence on the world of work and, indeed, on the world at large. Society needs to return to spiritual values-not to offset the material but to make it fully productive, he asserts that we need to reconnect to religion to imbibe compassion and empathy in corporate relationships. Drucker continues, It needs the deep experience that the  Thou  and the  I  are one, which all higher religions share. The concept of whole self is catching up with the corporate world. Religion is considered by many to be a constituent component of human anthropology. The change in orientation by executives and consultants fit well with the present experience economy paradigm, which demands distinctive personal experience for the customers based on endemic human qualities such as human values. Ideally, then, organizational models which allow the whole person to come to work are sought as a means to empower employees and possibly in turn f or those employees to meet unique and personal demands of the customers. For example, Mitroff and Denton (1999) held that companies that have a spiritual dimension and allow the whole person to come to work have employees with higher loyalty, lower absenteeism, and greater creativity (Miller and Ewest, 2010). People working in the corporate sector all over the globe do not want to segregate their life but wish to live a holistic life and bring their whole self to work, including their faith. This concept has been termed as the Faith at Work Movement or Spirituality and Work Movement by David Miller. The worldwide economic crisis elicited in 2008 has strengthened this concept. Religion is present in the workplace as per the researchers and academicians. The need is that they provide the business professionals with a set of universal religious manifestations to allow business professionals to understand, measure, and as appropriate adjust the policies pertaining to the spiritual environment of and impacts on their organization. Max Weber was one of the first thinkers in the modern times to depict the interconnection of religion and management in 1905 but his observations of the affect of religious values on marketplace activity were suppressed due to organizational and economic structures and normative practices but now his ideas have resurfaced. The business world is recognizing the need to integrate faith with work because it encompasses issues such as ethics, leadership, diversity, human rights, and globalism and managers and employees can benefit both corporately as well as personally. 1.6 MANAGEMENT AND OTHER RELIGIONS: The concept of modernization without westernization is catching up with management thinkers, especially in the eastern world. Need is to act globally while staying rooted to the local values, norms and culture. Corporate world in the eastern region is going under the safe haven of religion. All the religions encourage serving the society, promoting the peoples well being and safeguarding the natural resources. Buddhism lays emphasis on ethics, virtuous behaviour, morality and precept. It advocates purity of thought, word, and deed. Christianity is centered on the life and teachings of Jesus from the New Testament. Its teachings call for ethical, spiritual, and just behaviour. Taoism advocates imbibing of three gems of Tao i.e. compassion, moderation, and humility. Islam believes that followers should strive to attain religious and moral perfection. Confucianism focuses on human morality and right action. It is a system of moral, social, political, philosophical, and quasi-religious t hought. Hinduism preaches: have no personal interest in the event but carry out the duty as the duty of the lord and do not be affected by the results. 1.6.1 Management and Hinduism: Indian economy is today the cynosure of the whole world because of its consistent growth which is leading to augmentation of interest in India, and its culture. As Western world attempts to better understand Indian culture, they may as well unearth that Indias ancient scriptures present insight into cultural customs and values and develop lessons for the corporate world to effectively use in and outside India. It has been reported that many of the top  business  schools in the United States have introduced self-mastery classes using Indian philosophy to help students improve their leadership skills. One of the more popular and useful of the ancient texts is the Bhagavad Gita. Using contextual analysis, this paper explores the leadership implications found in this classic text, and offers present day managers useful advice, regardless of their cultural orientation (Rarick and Nickerson, 2009). It was felt by the Indian Management thinkers that the western models needed certain modifications for implementation in the Indian Environment. Western model advocated the concept of knowledge worker whereas Indian model calls for the concept of wisdom worker. Depending completely on the western model might lead to success with stress and tension while in Indian model of management, success is accompanied with harmon